Journal Article Review hydrogen peroxide oxygen reduction reaction water oxidation (near-)neutral oxygen evolution reaction active catalytic structures alkaline oxygen evolution reaction amorphous phase catalytic mechanism charge transfer cobalt borophosphate precatalysts cobalt oxyhydoxides edge sites electrocatalysts electrocatalytic water oxidation electronic structure helical manganese borophosphates heterostructures hydrogen storage intermetallics intermetallic compounds iron oxygen evolution reaction phase engineering phase reconstruction precatalyst reconstructions precatalysts proton transport rare-earth metals s-, p-, and f-block