Journal Article oxygen reduction reaction Review hydrogen peroxide amorphous phase carbon nanotubes-graphene catalytic mechanism charge transfer electrocatalysts electrocatalytic activity electronic structure heterophase heterostructures hydrogen evolution hydrogen evolution reaction hydrogen storage intermetallics metal phosphides oxygen evolution reaction pH-universal hydrogen evolution catalysis phase engineering phase reconstruction phosphate unit precatalysts rare earth metal rare-earth metals reaction kinetics s-, p-, and f-block selectivity and activity sequential phase conversion synergistic effect