Virus Log Reduction Values and Dominant Mechanisms in Full-Scale Secondary Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems
© 2025 The Author(s). Water Environment Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Water Environment Federation.
| Veröffentlicht in: | Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation. - 1998. - 97(2025), 9 vom: 18. Sept., Seite e70180 |
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| Weitere Verfasser: | , , , , |
| Format: | Online-Aufsatz |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2025
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| Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk: | Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation |
| Schlagworte: | Journal Article activated sludge direct potable reuse (DPR) lagoon pathogen potable reuse qPCR Wastewater Sewage |
| Zusammenfassung: | © 2025 The Author(s). Water Environment Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Water Environment Federation. Secondary biological wastewater treatment is a core component of potable reuse treatment trains, but it is often uncredited for virus attenuation. This study evaluated virus log reduction values (LRVs) at two full-scale water resource recovery facilities in Southern Nevada: one with conventional activated sludge and another with lagoon treatment. Four human enteric viruses and four fecal indicator viruses were quantified using molecular assays; culture assays quantified F-specific and somatic coliphages. Median LRVs were low (< 1.0) for plant viruses and generally higher (> 1.0) for adenovirus and crAssphage, consistent with predictions from a solids partitioning model. The fifth percentile LRVs that often drive regulatory determinations were < 0.5 for norovirus GI/GII. For conventional activated sludge, nucleic acid decay was a significant contributor to the molecular LRVs, whereas culturable coliphage data (median LRV = 2.5) highlighted solids attachment and subsequent physical removal as a dominant mechanism. In contrast, lagoon treatment sometimes achieved LRVs > 4.0 for culturable coliphages, primarily due to temperature-dependent inactivation. Based on the collective insight from recent studies, adoption of a broad virus LRV crediting framework for conventional activated sludge systems in potable reuse applications will require better alignment between molecular and culture methods and a deeper understanding of virus attenuation mechanisms |
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| Beschreibung: | Date Completed 19.09.2025 Date Revised 22.09.2025 published: Print Citation Status MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1554-7531 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/wer.70180 |