Efficient biodiesel production by sulfonated carbon catalyst derived from waste glycerine pitch via single-step carbonisation and sulfonation
Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
| Veröffentlicht in: | Waste management (New York, N.Y.). - 1999. - 189(2024) vom: 01. Sept., Seite 34-43 |
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| Format: | Online-Aufsatz |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2024
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| Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk: | Waste management (New York, N.Y.) |
| Schlagworte: | Journal Article Biodiesel Carbon-based acid catalyst Glycerine pitch Heterogeneous catalyst Glycerol PDC6A3C0OX Biofuels Carbon 7440-44-0 mehr... |
| Zusammenfassung: | Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Glycerine pitch is a highly alkaline residue from the oleochemical industry that contains glycerol and contaminants, such as water, soap, salt and ash. In this study, acidic heterogeneous glycerol-based carbon catalysts were synthesised for biodiesel production via single-step partial carbonisation and sulfonation using pure glycerol and glycerine pitch, producing products labelled as SGC and SGPC, respectively. Carbon materials were obtained by heating glycerol and concentrated sulfuric acid (1:3) at 200℃ for 1 h. The produced SGC and SGPC displayed high densities of sulfonic group (-SO3H), i.e. 1.49 and 1.00 mmol·g-1, respectively, alongside carboxylic (-COOH) and phenolic (-OH) acid. In the catalytic evaluation, excellent oleic acid conversions of 96.0 ± 0.4 % and 92.4 ± 0.5 % were achieved using SGC and SGPC, respectively, under optimised reaction conditions: 1:10 M ratio of oleic acid to methanol, 5 % (w/w) catalyst, 64℃ and 5 h. SGPC was found to be recyclable with 68.5 % conversion after the 6th cycle, which was attributed to the loss of -SO3H and catalyst deactivation by the deposition of oleic acid on its surface. Remarkably, despite the impurities present in the glycerine pitch, the obtained results demonstrated that the reactivity of SGPC is comparable to SGC and superior to that of commercial solid acid catalysts, which demonstrated that the presence of impurities appears to have minimal impact on the production of carbon materials and their properties |
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| Beschreibung: | Date Completed 13.09.2024 Date Revised 13.09.2024 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1879-2456 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.011 |