Fate and behaviour of acetaminophen, 17α-ethynylestradiol and carbamazepine in aqueous solution
Pharmaceuticals are invaluable tools for the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases. Human evolution led to the increase of life expectancy, which promoted the increase of consumption of pharmaceuticals. These compounds are consistently detected in superficial waters, and whilst degra...
| Veröffentlicht in: | Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. - 1986. - 81(2020), 2 vom: 28. Jan., Seite 395-409 |
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| Weitere Verfasser: | , , , , |
| Format: | Online-Aufsatz |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2020
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| Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk: | Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research |
| Schlagworte: | Journal Article Water Pollutants, Chemical Carbamazepine 33CM23913M Acetaminophen 362O9ITL9D Ethinyl Estradiol 423D2T571U Chlorine 4R7X1O2820 |
| Zusammenfassung: | Pharmaceuticals are invaluable tools for the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases. Human evolution led to the increase of life expectancy, which promoted the increase of consumption of pharmaceuticals. These compounds are consistently detected in superficial waters, and whilst degradation processes are expected to mitigate their levels, they also induce the formation of potentially harmful by-products. The compounds studied in this work were acetaminophen, 17α-ethynylestradiol and carbamazepine. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet diode-array detection was used to follow the degradation reactions, whilst liquid chromatography associated with ultraviolet diode-array detection and mass spectrometry was applied in the determination of by-products. Ethynylestradiol proved to be the most reactive (t1/2 = 38.6 ± 1.9 seconds) and carbamazepine the least reactive (t1/2 = 481.4 ± 16.7 minutes) when exposed to active chlorine. In relation to disinfection by-products, two monochlorinated analogues were detected for acetaminophen, one monochlorinated for carbamazepine, and one mono- and one trichlorinated for ethynylestradiol. Chlorine levels and water pH proved to be the most influential variables on the degradation of the compounds, with and without dissolved organic matter in solution. All pharmaceuticals displayed significant photostability towards artificial solar radiation, with acetaminophen being slightly more stable |
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| Beschreibung: | Date Completed 28.04.2020 Date Revised 15.12.2020 published: Print Citation Status MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 0273-1223 |
| DOI: | 10.2166/wst.2020.121 |