ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION OF KARLOTOXIN LEVELS IN STRAINS OF THE COSMOPOLITAN DINOFLAGELLATE, KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM (DINOPHYCEAE)(1)
© 2009 Phycological Society of America.
| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of phycology. - 1966. - 45(2009), 1 vom: 11. Feb., Seite 176-92 |
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| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
| Format: | Online-Aufsatz |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2009
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| Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk: | Journal of phycology |
| Schlagworte: | Journal Article Karlodinium veneficum harmful algal blooms (HABs) karlotoxin nutrient control |
| Zusammenfassung: | © 2009 Phycological Society of America. We examined the influence of N or P depletion, alternate N- or P-sources, salinity, and temperature on karlotoxin (KmTx) production in strains of Karlodinium veneficum (D. Ballant.) J. Larsen, an ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate that shows a high degree of variability of toxicity in situ. The six strains examined represented KmTx 1 (CCMP 1974, MD 2) and KmTx 2 (CCMP 2064, CCMP 2283, MBM1) producers, and one strain that did not produce detectable karlotoxin under nutrient-replete growth conditions (MD 5). We hypothesized that growth-limiting conditions would result in higher cell quotas of karlotoxin. KmTx was present in toxic strains during all growth phases and increased in stationary and senescent phase cultures under low N or P, generally 2- to 5-fold but with some observations in the 10- to 15-fold range. No karlotoxin was observed under low-N or low-P conditions in the nontoxic strain MD 5. Nutrient-quality (NO3 , NH4 , urea, and glycerophosphate) did not affect growth rate, but growth on NH4 produced 2- to 3-fold higher cellular toxicity and a 50% higher ratio of KmTx 1-1:KmTx 1-3 in CCMP 1974. CCMP 1974 showed higher cellular toxicity at low salinity (≤5 ppt) and high temperature (25°C). Our results suggested that given the presence of a toxic strain of K. veneficum in situ, the existence of environmental conditions that favor cellular accumulation of karlotoxin is likely a significant factor underlying K. veneficum-related fish kills that require both high cell densities (10(4) · mL(-1) ) and high cellular toxin quotas relative to those generally observed in nutrient-replete cultures |
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| Beschreibung: | Date Completed 04.04.2016 Date Revised 01.04.2016 published: Print Citation Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1529-8817 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00641.x |