Sexual disparities in the incidence and course of MS
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
| Veröffentlicht in: | Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.). - 1999. - 149(2013), 2 vom: 10. Nov., Seite 201-10 |
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| Format: | Online-Aufsatz |
| Sprache: | English |
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2013
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| Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk: | Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) |
| Schlagworte: | Journal Article Review Demyelinating diseases Disparities Gender Genetics Multiple sclerosis Sex hormones Gonadal Steroid Hormones |
| Zusammenfassung: | Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects three times more women than men and this ratio appears to be increasing. However male patients experience increased disease progression, brain atrophy, and cognitive impairment. Gonadal hormones may modulate these sex differences. For example, female puberty heralds an increased risk of MS, and during pregnancy disease activity is milder, with an increased risk of postpartum relapses. Gonadal hormones likely have complex and inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and may interact with other disease modulators, such as vitamin D. Sex differences in the heritability of disease susceptibility genes implicate a role for epigenetic modification. Many questions remain, including the impact of sex on treatment response and epigenetic changes, and the modulatory potential of hormonal treatments. This article summarizes what is known about sexual dimorphism in MS onset and course, as well as potential interactions between sex and other factors influencing MS pathogenesis, incidence and severity |
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| Beschreibung: | Date Completed 17.12.2013 Date Revised 21.10.2013 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1521-7035 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.clim.2013.03.005 |