Sex-specific environmental influences affecting MS development
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
| Veröffentlicht in: | Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.). - 1999. - 149(2013), 2 vom: 01. Nov., Seite 176-81 |
|---|---|
| 1. Verfasser: | |
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
| Format: | Online-Aufsatz |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2013
|
| Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk: | Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) |
| Schlagworte: | Journal Article Environmental factors Epstein–Barr virus Gender Multiple Sclerosis Smoking Vitamin D Cholecalciferol 1C6V77QF41 Estradiol |
| Zusammenfassung: | Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Vitamin D status, smoking, and Epstein-Barr virus infection (EBV) may all contribute to explain differences in disease prevalence and incidence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS affects women more often than men, and recent cross-sectional study assessments provide evidence of increased female to male prevalence in relapsing remitting MS patients, suggesting that sex hormones may exert an active role in disease pathogenesis. Studies in both humans and animal disease models demonstrate a functional synergy for the immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D3 and 17-β estradiol. Both smoking and EBV infection clearly increase MS risk, and smoking history has also been associated with poorer disease prognosis. However, neither factor can explain the recent trend indicating greater female prevalence. Therefore, large population-based case-control studies from well defined geographic areas with homogeneous populations should be performed, in order to define environmental factor effects, and sex hormone influences, to better understand prevalence and incidence gender differences observed |
|---|---|
| Beschreibung: | Date Completed 17.12.2013 Date Revised 21.10.2013 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1521-7035 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.006 |