EARLY WOODLAND RITUAL USE OF CAVES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

Mammoth and Salts caves in west-central Kentucky were intensively mined for gypsum and other sulfate minerals during the Early Woodland period (ca. 1000—200 B.C.). I propose hat this mining was part of a larger ritual performance associated with the initiation of adolescent males into adulthood. Dra...

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Veröffentlicht in:	American Antiquity. - Society for American Archaeology. - 77(2012), 3, Seite 524-541
1. Verfasser:	Crothers, George M. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Online-Aufsatz
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	2012
Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk:	American Antiquity
Schlagworte:	Physical sciences Biological sciences Behavioral sciences Business


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520			\|a Mammoth and Salts caves in west-central Kentucky were intensively mined for gypsum and other sulfate minerals during the Early Woodland period (ca. 1000—200 B.C.). I propose hat this mining was part of a larger ritual performance associated with the initiation of adolescent males into adulthood. Drawing on ethnological literature, I suggest that, beginning in the Early Woodland, caves became integral settings for male rites of passage. This argument is based on (1) ethnographic examples of male initiation that invokes the use of caves for secrecy and seclusion, (2) fecal steroid analysis that indicates exclusive male activity, (3) medicinal use of cave minerals as a purgative, (4) evidence of sensory deprivation and possible use of psychotropic substances to heighten states of consciousness, and (5) collection of gypsum as a symbolic marker of transitional rites. Using an institutional economic approach, I further suggest that Early Woodland ritual cave use is correlated with the formation of new social institutions and new forms of property relations stemming from the emergence of horticultural economies in the Eastern Woodlands. El yeso y otros minerales sulfatados fueron explotados intensamente durante el periodo Woodland temprano (1000—200 a.C.) en las cuevas Mammoth y Salts en el centro-oeste de Kentucky. Propongo que esta minería fue parte de una práctica ritual mayor asociada con la iniciación de los adolescentes varones a la edad adulta. Basándose en la literatura etnológica, sugiero que, a partir del periodo Woodland temprano, las cuevas se convirtieron en las ubicaciones sistémicas para los ritos de paso masculinos. Este argumento se basa en: 1) ejemplos etnográficos de iniciación masculina que demandan el uso de las cuevas como lugares secretos y de encierro; 2) análisis fecal de esteroides que indican actividad exclusiva de hombres; 3) uso medicinal de minerales de la cueva como purgantes; 4) evidencia de privación sensorial y el posible uso de sustancias sicotrópicas para alcanzar estados elevados de conciencia; y 5) la recolección de yeso como marcador simbólico de los ritos de transición. Utilizando un enfoque económico, sugiero además que el uso ritual de las cuevas durante el periodo Woodland temprano se relaciona con la formación de nuevas instituciones sociales y nuevas formas de relaciones de propiedad derivadas del desarrollo de economías horticultoras en la región este de Woodlands.
540			\|a Copyright © 2012 Society for American Archaeology
650		4	\|a Physical sciences \|x Earth sciences \|x Geography \|x Geomorphology \|x Caves
650		4	\|a Biological sciences \|x Ecology \|x Population ecology \|x Synecology \|x Biocenosis \|x Plant communities \|x Woodlands
650		4	\|a Physical sciences \|x Chemistry \|x Chemical compounds \|x Chemicals \|x Salts
650		4	\|a Physical sciences \|x Earth sciences \|x Geology \|x Mineralogy \|x Minerals \|x Sulfate minerals \|x Gypsum
650		4	\|a Behavioral sciences \|x Anthropology \|x Applied anthropology \|x Cultural anthropology \|x Cultural customs \|x Rituals \|x Rites of passage
650		4	\|a Business \|x Industry \|x Industrial sectors \|x Extractive industries \|x Mining industries \|x Mining \|x Non metals mining \|x Salt mining
650		4	\|a Physical sciences \|x Earth sciences \|x Geology \|x Mineralogy \|x Minerals
650		4	\|a Biological sciences \|x Biology \|x Botany \|x Plants
650		4	\|a Business \|x Industry \|x Industrial sectors \|x Extractive industries \|x Mining industries \|x Mining
650		4	\|a Biological sciences \|x Biology \|x Developmental biology \|x Growth and development \|x Biological development \|x Plant development \|x Plant reproduction \|x Seeds
655		4	\|a research-article
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