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|a "Totalitarismus" und "politische Religionen"
|b Konzepte des Diktaturvergleichs ; Überarbeite Fassung des Vortrags auf dem Colloquium "Tyrannis, Autokratie, Diktatur: Wie benennt man die Gewaltregime des 20. Jahrhunderts?, am 20.7.1994 im Institut für Zeitgeschichte, München
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|a Text
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|a Ausgehend von verschiedenen Ansätzen der Untersuchung und des Vergleichs der diktatorischen Systeme Nationalsozialismus, Kommunismus bzw. Stalinismus und Faschismus werden die Konzepte des "Totalitarismus" und der "politischen Religionen" vorgestellt und auf ihre Verwendbarkeit untersucht. Es wird ihr Gebrauch in Wissenschaft und Literatur seit den 1920er Jahren analysiert. Abschließend wird festgestellt, daß beide Konzeptionen nur begrenzt die Analyse "moderner Despotien" ermöglichen. Eine umfassende Theorie stehe - trotz wichtiger Vorarbeiten - weiterhin aus. (FUB-Trn)
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|a Interested observers as well as involved politicians, saw in the rise of Bolshevism, Fascism and National Socialism a challenge to find adequate terminology to describe the events and processes in Russia, Italy and Germany. "Totalitarianism" and "political religions" are two of the concepts that were developed in this context. First introduced by Italian anti-fascists in 1924, the term "totalitarianism" soon became a popular expression to describe the extension, delimitation and dynamism of political power which characterized the new regimes. Today, "totalitarianism" represents a wide-spread and quite accepted part of political theory. The less regarded concept of "political religions" tries to cover the religious dimension of 20th century tyrannies. First used by Eric Voegelin and Raymond Aron in 1938/39 the term can serve as a "container" for different fields of research: 1. parallels to religious phenomena in general (terror, rituals); 2. parallels to sociological aspects of churches (orthodoxy, restricted membership, canonical books); 3. "redivinisation" and "political theology" (H. Heller, E. Peterson). Nonetheless, despite the concepts mentioned, a comprehensive and integrated theory of modern day tyranny still needs to be developed. (Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte / FUB)
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