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|a "Iusta murmuratio"
|b the sound of scandal in the early Middle Ages
|c Courtney M. Booker
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|a As every medievalist knows, Benedict in his Rule repeatedly denounces and forbids murmuring by monks, as this sound was specifically understood to be a manifestation of what the monks were supposed to have given up upon taking their vows—their own will. Yet, upon close inspection of the Rule, one finds that Benedict was not entirely consistent in his denunciation of murmuring. Indeed, at one point (chp. 41) he even speaks of the monks making a « just murmur » if commanded « immoderately » by their abbot to undertake a burdensome task. In this article, I explore, by way of commentaries by Gregory the Great, Smaragdus of St-Mihiel, Hildemar of Corbie, and Agobard of Lyon, the early medieval understanding of Benedict’s allowance for complaint through a iusta murmuratio. Murmuring may have been chiefly understood through Scripture as an offensive act, but as bishop Hincmar of Reims noted, it was something to listen for and be taken seriously; when the king learns that his people are murmuring, explained Hincmar, he should seek to discover its cause, as this was a matter of impending danger (periculo imminerent). Yet, as mentioned above, Benedict allowed that, on some occasions, such demonstrative murmuring might be just. To what extent was this lenient view held outside the cloister’s walls? Was the murmur multivalent and open to contestation? When was it deemed the grumbling of an ungrateful people, and when was it a collective expression of conscience, a signal of wrong done to the public, a sound of scandal?
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