Journal Article 7440-44-0 Carbon ForestGEO tropical forests aboveground biomass canopy turnover carbon residence time forest disturbance tree damage tree mortality Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. biomass carbon fluxes climate change climate gradients crown damage demographic vegetation model benchmarking forest biomass forest demography forest dynamics forests global carbon budget growth–mortality dynamics land‐surface modelling model intercomparison modes of death mortality mortality risk factors