Journal Article terahertz Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't phase discontinuities coherent control diffraction metamaterials metasurfaces Metals Metasurfaces Pancharatnam-Berry phase Pancharatnam-Berry phase optical element air-cathodes asymmetric transmissions broadband chirality covalent organic frameworks dielectric electrochemical behaviors graphene foams high Li+/e− transport ratio high-Q resonances highly conductive lithium-metal batteries magnetic coupling mass transfer metagratings multiphase interfaces near-field microscopy nitrogen-superdoping