Journal Article ForestGEO 7440-44-0 Carbon tree damage tree mortality tropical forests Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. aboveground biomass biomass canopy turnover carbon fluxes carbon residence time climate change climate gradients forest biomass forest disturbance forest dynamics forests global carbon budget modes of death mortality risk factors size-dependent survival species richness terrestrial laser scanning tree comorbidity tree demography tree size distribution woody mortality