Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. carbon dioxide conversion carbon monoxide electrocatalysis electrochemical cell design electrochemistry gas diffusion electrodes grazing incidence grazing incidence X-ray diffraction in situ in situ characterization liquid–solid interfaces mass activities membrane electrode assemblies microbial coupling multiphysics models non-aqueous Li-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction palladium solid electrolyte interphase synchrotron X-ray diffraction