Journal Article Polystyrenes Review Thiophenes artificial retinas artificial synapses bioelectronics biointerfaces biosensing electrochemical transistors ferroelectrics field-effect transistors in-sensor computing ion transport memristors metal halide perovskites neuroinspired devices neuromorphic computing neuromorphic devices organic bioelectronics organic electrochemical transistors perovskite nanocrystals phototransistor memory poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) reconfigurable electronics synaptic plasticity