Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural 2D materials 2D van der Waals heterostructures anisotropy artificial interface artificial vision architecture catalytic activity charge-storage effect highlighter plot human retina in-memory photodetectors lineage assignment linear polarization low‐power machine vision mid-infrared photodetectors mid-infrared region non-volatile photodetection phylogeny polarimetry polarization photodetection sequence annotation sequence extraction sodium/potassium metal batteries spiking photodetector twisted 2D heterostructures unipolar barriers van der Waals heterostructures