Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Acanthaster Acanthaster planci Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review adaptive management climate change conectividad conectividad de arrecifes connectivity coral coral reefs crown-of-thorns starfish cumulative impacts decision theory dynamic digraph dígrafo dinámico ecosystem model ecosystem vulnerability environmental management estrella de mar corona de espinas impactos acumulativos invasives invasoras manejo adaptativo metacommunity model modelo de ecosistema modelo de metacomunidad ocean acidification