Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Allele frequency Breeding Breeding programmes GWAS Grain-filling duration Plant Proteins canopy heterogeneity crop model earliness per se genetic analysis genotype × environment interactions high-throughput phenotyping high-yielding environments inter-genotypic competition kernel desiccation rate kernel growth rate kernel weight light interception light use efficiency maize maximum kernel water content moisture concentration at physiological maturity outliers phenology phenomics phenotypic plasticity photoperiod plant architecture