Brine reuse in ion-exchange softening : salt discharge, hardness leakage, and capacity tradeoffs
Ion-exchange water softening results in the discharge of excess sodium chloride to the aquatic environment during the regeneration cycle. In order to reduce sodium chloride use and subsequent discharge from ion-exchange processes, either brine reclaim operations can be implemented or salt applicatio...
| Veröffentlicht in: | Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation. - 1998. - 84(2012), 6 vom: 06. Juni, Seite 535-43 |
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| Format: | Aufsatz |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2012
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| Zugriff auf das übergeordnete Werk: | Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation |
| Schlagworte: | Journal Article Salts Water Pollutants, Chemical brine Water 059QF0KO0R Sodium Chloride 451W47IQ8X |
| Zusammenfassung: | Ion-exchange water softening results in the discharge of excess sodium chloride to the aquatic environment during the regeneration cycle. In order to reduce sodium chloride use and subsequent discharge from ion-exchange processes, either brine reclaim operations can be implemented or salt application during regeneration can be reduced. Both result in tradeoffs related to loss of bed volumes treated per cycle and increased hardness leakage. An experimentally validated model was used to compare concurrent water softening operations at various salt application quantities with and without the direct reuse of waste brine for treated tap water of typical midwestern water quality. Both approaches were able to reduce salt use and subsequent discharge. Reducing salt use and discharge by lowering the salt application rate during regeneration consequently increased hardness leakage and decreased treatment capacity. Single or two tank brine recycling systems are capable of reducing salt use and discharge without increasing hardness leakage, although treatment capacity is reduced |
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| Beschreibung: | Date Completed 23.08.2012 Date Revised 23.09.2019 published: Print Citation Status MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1061-4303 |