Journal Article maize Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Biofuels Endosperm G×E Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't adaptation breeding for future climates cell-wall recalcitrance climate change environmental covariates enzymatic hydrolysis experimental evolution flowering time gene expression genetic algorithm genotype–environment interactions maternal effect parallel selection phenotypic plasticity photoperiod plant cell-wall characterization plasticity pleiotropy pre-treatment. seed development seed size.