Journal Article 2D materials N2-to-NH3 fixation Review active sites biomass charge separation and transfer clusters copper single atoms defect engineering defects doping dynamic dynamic reconstitutions electrocatalysis electrocatalysts electrocatalytic reduction electrode materials evolution ferroelectric thin films field-effect transistors graphene layered double hydroxides lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction lithium-sulfur batteries metal-air batteries metal-ion batteries neutral electrolytes nucleophile oxidation reaction organic electrosynthesis