Journal Article 3D spherical macroporous structures MXene aerogels composite hydrogel electrolyte conducting polymers conductive hydrogels customized laser engraving fiber supercapacitors graphene graphene oxide high conductivity high ion transference number high sensitivity mechanical properties mechanical property nacre-like natural drying perovskites phototransistors poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) quantum dots supramolecular engineering topology zinc ion battery