Journal Article 1D heterostructured nanochannels CVD graphene films MXenes Receptors, Artificial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't atomic oxygen resistance biomimetic materials biomimetic structure biomineralization chemisorption disordered to ordered water clusters double-layer nacre-inspired structures elastic compressibility ethanol electro-oxidation extrinsic toughening mechanisms functional fibers graphene transfer graphene wafers hard carbon aerogels high strength lamellar multi-arch microstructures layered structure mechanical properties mechanical stability metal-organic frameworks mica nanosheets molecular enrichment effect multimodal sensors nano-to-subnano asymmetric architectures