Journal Article graphene Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1/f noise 2D nanopores 7782-42-5 Electrolytes Graphite Ions Nanocapsules Polymers Review biomolecules chemo-electric gating contactless sensing debye screening dielectric modulation dispersive interactions electronic biochemical sensors field effect field-effect transistors graphene biosensors hydrophilicity ionic screening mechanical stability molecular materials polar interactions spin crossover surface functionalization translocation speed