Journal Article 2D materials 7782-42-5 Graphite Nanotubes, Carbon Oxides catalytic materials chemically bonded defect degradation electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) graphene hydrogen evolution reaction long-term stability m2 min−1 scale deposition speed mixed perovskite monolayer perovskite solar cells pinhole‐free plasma treatment rapid drying principle supercapacitors transition metal chalcogenides volumetric capacitance water electrolysis