Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Soil climate change elevation gradient novel interactions range shifts Dianthus carthusianorum Milium effusum (millet grass) Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review Trifolium pratense alpine ecology alpine ecosystems anthropogenic disturbance arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi automated monitoring bees bioclimatic variables biotic interactions climate envelope climatic debt coexistence theory common garden experiment competition ecology and evolution forest understorey functional trait functional–structural plant modelling global maps